Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy
Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy Howard P. Gutgesell CARDIAC MALPOSITION The term cardiac malposition implies location of the heart anywhere other than in its usual position in the left hemithorax, or…
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Benjamin W. Eidem First described by Lev in 1952, hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a constellation of congenital cardiac anomalies characterized by hypoplasia of the…
Single Ventricle
Single Ventricle Edward V. Colvin A univentricular atrioventricular (AV) connection is present when both atria are connected to a single chamber within the ventricular mass. Even though most hearts so…
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Eisenmenger Syndrome Stephen M. Paridon Eisenmenger syndrome comprises a group of cardiac defects that share a common pathophysiology: pulmonary vascular obstructive disease resulting in a right-to-left cardiac level shunting of…
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Michael J. Silka Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) refers to a diverse group of congenital heart defects characterized by common origin of both the aorta and the pulmonary…
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot William H. Neches Sang C. Park Jose A. Ettedgui Tetralogy of Fallot refers to a spectrum of anatomic abnormalities that have in common a large, unrestrictive ventricular…
Tricuspid Atresia
Tricuspid Atresia David J. Driscoll Tricuspid atresia, the third most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease, consists of complete agenesis of the tricuspid valve and absence of direct communication…
Truncus Arteriosus
Truncus Arteriosus Timothy C. Slesnick John P. Kovalchin Persistent truncus arteriosus is an uncommon congenital cardiac defect in which a single great artery arises at the base of the heart…
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Transposition of the Great Arteries William H. Neches Sang C. Park Jose A. Ettedgui Transposition of the great arteries, or complete transposition, is a common form of cardiac abnormality found…
Echocardiography and Electrocardiography
Echocardiography and Electrocardiography James C. Huhta ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY Since the early 1980s, echocardiography (i.e., ultrasonic imaging) of the heart and cardiovascular system has provided a major advance in pediatric cardiology and…
