C caffeine occurs naturally in the leaves, seeds or fruits of more than 60 different plants, including coffee beans, kola nuts (cola) and tea leaves, and is also added to…
Z zinc see minerals; appendix 4.3. zone of optimal functioning (ZOF) in sport psychology, a model of optimal performance, proposed in 1980 by Russian psychologist Yuri L Hanin, that hypothesizes…
K keratitis inflammation of the cornea, the transparent part of the outer coat of the eyeball – the ‘window’ in front of the the iris and the pupil. Organisms do…
Y Yerkes–Dodson law see inverted-U hypothesis. yips a movement disorder that can affect sports performers, seen particularly in golfers but also in cricketers and darts players, involving uncontrollable movements of…
X X-rays short-wavelength electromagnetic ionizing radiation, which can penetrate the body structures to varying degrees. Discovered in 1895 by Wilmhelm Röntgen, a German physicist (the very first X-ray photograph showed…
N navicular bone the boat-shaped tarsal bone on the medial side of the foot in front of the talus (ankle bone), with which its concave posterior surface articulates. Stress fractures…
T tachycardia rapid heart rate. tachypnoea rapid breathing. In most situations when ventilation increases, there is normally an increase in both depth and frequency of breathing. Increase in frequency alone…
U ulna larger of the two forearm bones, articulating at the elbow with the humerus and at the wrist with the carpal bones. ulnar adj in descriptions of forearm structures:…
H habit (1) a tendency to behave in a certain way; (2) a well-learned behavioural response associated with a particular stimulus or situation, typically evoked without conscious intention. habituation the…
Q Q (quadriceps)-angle the angle between the long axis of the femur (and thus the line of pull of the quadriceps) and the line of the patellar tendon (extended upwards);…
