Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 5.1 Correctly acquired spine scans for children of different ages. (a) Child, aged 5 years, with hypophosphatasia; (b) child, aged 9 years, with osteogenesis imperfecta; (c) child, aged 16…

Technique Approximate costsa Sites Clinical/ research Radiation dose (μSv) Precision (CV %) DXA (including iDXA) $72–180 K £39–99 K €59–147 K Lumbar spine Both 0.4–4 <1 Total body Both 0.02–5…

where I = measured intensity of the X-ray I 0 = initial intensity of the X-ray beam μ = mass attenuation coefficient (cm2g−1) M = area density (g/cm2)) In other words, for a given beam intensity level,…

Fig. 6.1 Lumbar spine scans in infants showing (a) anterior-posterior “breathing” movement, (b) lateral movement, and (c) no movement Contemporary software versions have edge detection algorithms that function well for…

Fig. 12.1 (a) Radiograph of an infant’s lower leg, showing metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia (arrows). (b) Metaphyseal fracture of the left distal tibia in a 2-month-old (arrow) Fig….

• Diagnosis • Fracture history • Medication use (steroid, anticonvulsant, and bisphosphonate) • Status of hips (dislocation, past surgery) • Presence of nonremovable orthopedic or internal hardware and location (plates,…

Fig. 13.1 High-resolution MR image showing bright bone marrow, dark cortical bone, and trabecular bone (a) Tibia (b) radius and (c) Proximal femur Cortical Bone MRI Cortical bone MRI, especially…

Fig. 11.1 Plots of cortical bone mineral density (Ct.BMD; (a), cortical porosity (Ct.Po; b), cortical area (Ct.Ar; c), and failure load (d) measured at the distal radius with high-resolution peripheral…

Fig. 10.1 (a) A pictorial review of the Genant semiquantitative method for vertebral fracture assessment: (a) Anterior wedge fracture: measure the anterior height loss relative to posterior height (i.e. ratio = (P−A)/P × 100 %)….

Fig. 8.1 Spine BMD-for-age reference curve for infants , birth to 12 months. Taken from Gallo et al. [58]. Data were obtained on a Hologic QDR 4500A (n = 59) Fig. 8.2…