Novel Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease
Fig. 3.1 Cardiovascular disease and other major causes of death for all males and females in the United States in 2006 (Source for data: NCHS and NHLBI. Reproduced with permission…
SPORT MEDICINE
Atherosclerosis: Clinical Perspectives Through Imaging Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Fig. 10.1 Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the arterial wall illustrating distinct histological layers of the intima (red arrow) and media (green arrow). The intima-media thickness, measured via ultrasound, is…
Factors Contributing to the Development of Atherosclerosis
Fig. 2.1 Potential pathways and mechanisms for cigarette smoking-mediated cardiovascular dysfunction. The bold boxes and arrows in the flow diagram represent the probable central mechanisms in the complex pathophysiology of…
Positron Emission Tomography: Imaging Inflammatory Atherosclerosis
Fig. 13.1 A positron and electron within close proximity within the atom of Fluroine-18 labeled deoxyglucose (18FDG) interact and are “annihilated,” resulting in the production of two gamma rays (photons),…
Insights into the Natural History of Atherosclerosis Progression
, Jacob Stephen2, Miranda C. A. Kramer3, Elena R. Ladich1, Frank D. Kolodgie1 and Renu Virmani1 (1) CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA (2) Department of Cardiology/Medicine, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,…
Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and Atherogenesis
Fig. 12.1 Sudan red stained aorta (left) of hyperlipidemic rabbit compared to radiograph of same after injection of 90 μCi 125I-MDA2 (right) (Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science +…
Exercise and the Female Skeleton
Fig. 4.1 The functional model of bone development based on the mechanostat theory [20] and related approaches [19]. The feedback loop between bone deformation (tissue strain) and bone strength is…
Strategies to Promote Bone Health in Female Athletes
Fig. 10.1 Female sport participation increased from 7 % in 1972 to 41 % in 2009 as a result of Title IX However, many athletes remained undiagnosed according to the…
Neuroendocrine Abnormalities in Female Athletes
Fig. 6.1 Hormonal and other changes in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea. In patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea, there are alterations of hormones and other factors that affect the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing…
Sports Nutrition
Direct estimates of energy requirements, such as indirect calorimetry, require the use of costly equipment and other methods of calculating energy requirements require knowledge of an athlete’s lean body mass…
