Pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass
Pearls • Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which originated in the mid-twentieth century, was designed to allow for the repair of congenital heart defects. Its history has since been characterized by perpetual…
RHEUMATOLOGY
Cardiac transplantation
Pearls • Most pediatric transplantations are performed for cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease not amenable to correction or palliation. • Individuals may have a good quality of life following heart…
Critical care after surgery for congenital cardiac disease
Pearls • The neonatal myocardium is less compliant than that of the older child, less tolerant of increases in afterload, and less responsive to increases in preload. A predictable decrease…
Cardiopulmonary interactions
Pearls • Positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) alters ventricular loading conditions and compliance. • In patients who are hypovolemic, the effects of positive airway pressure on the right heart predominate, whereas in…
Shock states
The clinical syndrome of shock is one of the most dramatic, dynamic, and life-threatening problems faced by the physician in the critical care setting. Although untreated shock is universally lethal,…
Pharmacology of the cardiovascular system
Pearls • Clinical acumen and knowledge of physiology is needed to distinguish between the need for an inotropic agent, which is used to increase cardiac contractility, and the need for…
Echocardiographic imaging
Pearls • The intensive care unit is a unique environment for performing an echocardiogram; the intensivist, sonographer, and pediatric cardiologist must work together to obtain the needed information with minimal…
Diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization
Pearls • The cardiac catheterization laboratory can play an important diagnostic and/or therapeutic role in the management of children in the pediatric intensive care unit. • For patients with cardiac…
Cardiac failure and ventricular assist devices
Pearls • Advances in medical management, surgical techniques, and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for pediatric patients with congestive heart failure continue to improve patient outcomes. • Indications for the use…
Endothelium and endotheliopathy
• Because of their location, endothelial cells have the ability to interact with blood components, such as flow, soluble factors, and other cells. Endothelial cells integrate these signals into a…
