21 Endoscopic/Percutaneous Lumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation Technique Faheem A. Sandhu, Josh Ryan, and R. Tushar Jha 21.1 Introduction The desire to minimize the surgical morbidity caused by excessive muscle dissection…
51 Endoscopic Approaches to Cervical Tumors, Trauma, and Infection Christopher C. Gillis and John O’Toole 51.1 Introduction As the decreased morbidity of minimal access (minimally invasive surgery, or MIS) approaches…
30 Surgical Techniques in Percutaneous Endoscopic Thoracic Diskectomy Gun Choi, Akarawit Asawasaksakul, and Alfonso García 30.1 Introduction In the era before MRI, symptomatic thoracic disk herniation was a rare condition…
39 Applied Anatomy for Percutaneous Approaches to the Cervical Spine Gun Choi, Alfonso García, Akarawit Asawasaksakul, and Ketan Deshpande 39.1 Introduction To understand the surgical technique of percutaneous endoscopic cervical…
5 Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Diskectomy with Foraminotomy Akarawit Asawasaksakul, Gun Choi, and Alfonso García 5.1 Introduction Herniated nucleus pulposus is one of the most common spine problems in the modern…
31 Posterolateral Endoscopic Thoracic Diskectomy John C. Chiu 31.1 Introduction An effective alternative procedure for treating symptomatic herniated thoracic disks through an endoscope is posterolateral endoscopic thoracic diskectomy (PETD), which…
11 Percutaneous Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Diskectomy and Decompression for Lumbar Degenerative Disease Dong Hwa Heo, Jin Hwa Eum, and Sang Kyu Son 11.1 Introduction Traditionally, spinal endoscopic surgery was performed…
18 Minimally Invasive Tubular Decompression for Foraminal Stenosis Jung-Woo Hur and Jin-Sung Luke Kim 18.1 Introduction Radiculopathy is most commonly caused by nerve root canal stenosis, which can be the…
36 Endoscopic Approaches to Thoracic Tumors, Trauma, and Infection Christopher C. Gillis and John O’Toole 36.1 Introduction A variety of surgical approaches have been proposed and implemented in the treatment…
15 Tubular Lumbar Decompressive Laminectomy and Foraminotomy Mengqiao Alan Xi and Mick Perez-Cruet 15.1 Introduction Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the leading causes of low back pain, leg pain,…
