Level Nerve root/dermatome Motor weakness Sensory distortion Reflex loss L1–L2, L2–L3 L2,L3 Hip flexors Anterior thigh None L3–L4 L4 Quadriceps Medial calf Patellar Tibialis anterior Medial foot L4–L5 L5 Extensor…

Fig. 12.1 This is a case presentation of a 30-year-old professional basketball player. He presented to our clinic after an in-game hyperextension injury. He had experienced an episode of transient…

Fig. 3.1 Watkins’ lumbar rehabilitation program Fig. 3.2 Dead bug exercise . (a) Level 1 of the exercise. The spine is kept in a neutral tucked position, and feet are…

Fig. 10.1 Classification system for posterior C1 ring anomalies. (a) Failure of posterior midline fusion of the two hemiarches. (b) Unilateral clefts. A defect is present in one of the…

Fig. 19.1 Pertinent anatomy of costovertebral articulations . Axial figure of costovertebral joint shows costocentral and costotransverse articulations, normal on the right and disrupted on the left. (From: O’Brien and…

Fig. 18.1 Lateral and AP radiograph of the lumbar spine with relevant anatomy labeled. (From: Valladares-Otero [33]. Reprinted with permission from Springer Nature) (a) X-Ray Lateral View Lumbar Spine. (b)…

Fig. 9.1 Space available for the cord Fig. 9.2 Torg ratio  – (a, b) By utilizing these standard radiographic techniques , it can be shown that cervical spinal stenosis is…

Fig. 11.1 This is a case presentation of a 21-year-old elite baseball player who presented to our clinic with 8 weeks of left C6 radiculopathy. He had no weakness on examination….

Score Eye Verbal Motor 1 No response No response No response 2 Eyes open to pain Incomprehensible/moaning Extension response to pain 3 Eyes open to voice Inappropriate Flexion response to…

Nerve root Myotome C5 Shoulder abduction/elbow flexion C6 Elbow flexion/wrist extension C7 Elbow extension/wrist flexion C8 Finger flexion T1 Finger abduction L2 Hip flexion L3 Knee extension L4 Ankle dorsiflexion/Hip…