Fracture Anticoagulation/bleeding diatheses Soft tissue injury IV fluid extravasation Dialysis/nephrotic syndrome Burns Snake bites Revascularization Exercise induced Tight casts/dressingsa Crush injurya Pneumatic antishock garmentsa aSource of external compression The use…

Category Mechanism Treatment Hemorrhagic Loss of circulating blood volume Intravascular volume replacement Restore O2 carrying capacity Traumatic Loss of circulating blood volume with tissue injury and release of DAMPs Control…

Fig. 11.1 Trauma patient. The figure depicts a trauma patient with multisystem pathology. Such patients can have numerous orthopaedic injuries and management of these injuries needs to be in accordance…

Fig. 7.1 Type A pelvic ring injuries. The pelvic ring is mechanically stable Fig. 7.2 Type B pelvic ring injuries. The pelvic ring is rotationally unstable but the posterior SI…

Fig. 6.1 These are examples of inadequate plain radiographs of a femur fracture. (a) AP radiograph; (b) lateral radiograph. As the knee joint is not included on the radiograph, a…

Fig. 9.1 Algorithm for the acute management of open fractures (Used with permission from Slack Orthopedics: Mauffrey et al. [116]) Initial Debridement Timing In 2009, the guidelines on the management…

Fig. 15.1 Increased abdominal pressure affects multiple organ systems Intra-abdominal hypertension also has a direct compressive effect on the renal system. This results in a relative obstruction to renal venous…

Fig. 4.1 (a) Absolute growth of elderly population in the United States, subdivided by age group. From 2000 to 2050, the population of persons over the age of 65 in…

Fig. 13.1 Pathophysiology of the inflammatory cascade and iatrogenic “2nd hit” insults leading to secondary brain injury Consequently, alternative strategies to provide early fracture stabilization of long bones, while avoiding…

Injury description AIS Pulmonary contusion 3 Fracture <3 ribs 1–2 Flail chest, unilateral 3 Blunt cardiac injury, minor ECG changes 3 Torn descending thoracic aorta 4–5 Epidemiology Thoracic injury is…