15 Femur Orientation and general presentation (Figs 15.1 & 15.2) The head of the femur (FCH) is oriented upwards and medially; it is part of the hip joint or coxal…

19 Foot Orientation and general presentation (Figs 19.1 & 19.2) The bony foot consists of seven tarsal bones, five metatarsals and the phalanges. The tarsus consists of the following bones:…

2 Skull Orientation and general presentation (Figs 2.1 & 2.2) The skull is a large, hollow, bony structure comprising several fused bones. (Note: The jaw is not part of the…

12 Hand Orientation and general presentation (Figs 12.1 & 12.2) The hand includes carpal bones (1) and digital rays (2), made of long bones (metacarpal bones and phalanges) (Figs 12.1…

8 Scapula Orientation and general presentation (Figs 8.1 & 8.2) The scapula or shoulder blade (1) is a triangular bone located on the lateroposterior aspect of the thorax and on…

10 Ulna Orientation and general presentation (Figs 10.1 & 10.2) The ulna (1) is located on the medial aspect of the forearm. It articulates with the humerus (2) proximally, the…

14 Ilium Orientation and general presentation (Figs 14.1 & 14.2) The joint cavity of the hip joint, or acetabulum (IAC), is oriented laterally, whereas the obturator foramen (1) and the…

9 Humerus Orientation and general presentation (Figs 9.1 & 9.2) The humerus (1) articulates medially with the scapula (2) through the scapulohumeral joint. The proximal epiphysis shows an intertubercular sulcus…

11 Radius Orientation and general presentation (Figs 11.1 & 11.2) The radius (1) is located on the lateral aspect of the forearm. It articulates with the humerus (2) proximally, the…