Musculoskeletal Key

The Knee 23.1 Anatomy Gail A. Shafer-Crane William M. Falls Four bones participate in the knee joint: the femur, tibia, fibula, and patella. The distal femur and proximal tibia form…

Dance Richard Bachrach Dancers are a unique form of athlete. Although most injuries seen in dancers are similar to those encountered in all athletes, particularly aerobic exercisers, runners, and gymnasts,…

Golf Richard J. Emerson Kerry Graham Golf is enjoyed worldwide by millions of people each year and is considered one of the most rapidly growing sports. In 2002, 32.3 million…

Football Richard A. Parker Stephen Daquino Naresh C. Rao Steven J. Karageanes OVERVIEW The popularity of football has grown tremendously since its inception. The first game played in America is…

Cycling P. Gunnar Brolinson Delmas J. Bolin Bicycling for transportation and fitness has enjoyed a resurgence in the United States in recent years. Once considered a children’s toy, the bicycle…

Hip and Pelvis 22.1 Anatomy William M. Falls Gail A. Shafer-Crane The pelvic girdle is composed of three joints that work together to provide mobility for the lower limb and…

Baseball Steven J. Karageanes Steve Scher OVERVIEW Baseball is one of the oldest and most popular spectator sports today. It has been played in the United States since the mid-1800s,…

Gait Analysis Paul Tortland A well-known physical therapist once said, “When the foot hits the ground, the mud hits the fan.” His point was that there are inextricable links between…

Thoracic Spine 20.1 Anatomy William M. Falls Gail A. Shafer-Crane The thoracic spine, which consists of the 12 thoracic vertebrae, contains the thoracic and upper lumbar portions of the spinal…