Musculoskeletal Key

Introduction There has traditionally been a high threshold before undertaking any surgical procedure around the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ). This has been, in part, due to its midline location, its high…

Surgical indications: Atraumatic disorders Distal clavicle osteolysis and osteoarthritis Distal clavicle osteolysis is an atraumatic condition that can result in significant pain and discomfort. Excision of the lateral portion of…

Introduction A variety of acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) pathologies can result in pain and reduced function, including arthritis, distal clavicle osteolysis, and instability. Acromioclavicular (AC) pathologies can be broadly categorized into…

Introduction The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is a pivotal construct for scapular and shoulder function. The articulation of the acromion and clavicle, when healthy and stable, allows fluid scapular and humeral…

Introduction Proximal humerus fractures are among the most common fractures in the adult population, with an increasing incidence. In 2008, the incidence of proximal humerus fractures was 26.8 per 100,000…

Traumatic disorders of the acromioclavicular joint Acute lesions According to Tamaoki et al., “the available evidence for treating acute acromioclavicular (AC) dislocations is of poor quality” and “further research exploring…

Background The shoulder comprises three distinct and complex articulations consisting of the glenohumeral joint, the scapulothoracic joints, and the acromioclavicular joint. Under normal physiologic conditions, there exists an equilibrium between…

The shoulder provides one of the largest ranges of motion of all the joints in the musculoskeletal system. This is due partly to the morphology of the glenohumeral joint (the…

Musculoskeletal tumors represent approximately 10% of all orthopedic diagnoses and present potential clinical challenges because of their varying presentations and biologic behavior. They may come noted clinically either through incidental…