Musculoskeletal Key

Pearls • The miniaturization and increased efficacy of centrifugal pump systems and low-resistance membrane lungs have resulted in a transition from roller pump devices to centrifugal setups in many centers….

Pearls • Patients with severe acute asthma exacerbations should be promptly and aggressively managed in the emergency department with inhaled β-agonist agents, inhaled ipratropium bromide, oxygen, and a systemic corticosteroid….

Pearls • Both pulmonary and nonpulmonary disorders must be considered as leading to neonatal respiratory distress. • It is important to distinguish respiratory disorders from the normal neonatal cardiorespiratory transition….

Pearls • Most pediatric pulmonary parenchymal disease occurs as a result of an infectious agent. • Clinical evaluation for parenchymal lung disease in the pediatric patient should include a search…

Pearls • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a restrictive lung disease with clinical manifestations of hypoxemia, low respiratory system compliance, and new pulmonary infiltrates. Pathologically, ARDS is characterized by…

Pearls • The structures of the upper airway undergo extensive changes from infancy through young adulthood. An understanding of the numerous variations, congenital anomalies, and resulting special vulnerabilities of the…

Pearls • Bronchiolitis accounts for 5% to 10% of total pediatric intensive care unit admissions in the United States. • Treatment for critical bronchiolitis is predominantly supportive, particularly for hypoxia,…

Pearls • Pulse oximetry is based on the principles that the pulsatile component of the optical absorbance detected from tissue is primarily from arterial blood and that oxyhemoglobin and reduced…

Pearls • Children younger than 5 years have nearly equal peripheral and central airway resistance. This makes them more susceptible to developing respiratory failure with illnesses that affect the lower…

Pearls • Lungs increase in volume from about 250 mL at birth to 6000 mL in the adult. • Each lung lobe is subdivided into 19 bronchopulmonary segments, which receive…