Repetitive Nerve Stimulation
The use of repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) dates back to the late 1800s, when Jolly made visual observations of muscle movement that occurred after nerve stimulation. Although his initial studies…
Blink Reflex
Few routine electrophysiologic tests are available to evaluate the cranial nerves and their proximal segments other than visual and brainstem evoked potentials. However, cranial nerves V (trigeminal) and VII (facial),…
Approach to Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography
Electrodiagnostic (EDX) studies play a key role in the evaluation of patients with neuromuscular disorders. Among these studies are included nerve conduction studies (NCSs), repetitive nerve stimulation, late responses, blink…
Knee Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee
Knee Anatomy Francesc Malagelada Jordi Vega Pau Golanó The knee is the largest joint in the human body and one of the most complex from a functional point of view. It is also…
Extensor Mechanism Injuries of the Knee
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathies and Ruptures The patellofemoral articulation encounters one of the highest joint reaction forces in the body. Competent patellar and quadriceps tendons are essential for proper function,…
Knee Diagnosis and Decision Making
For the experienced practitioner, the history and physical examination remains the most efficient, sensitive, specific, accurate, and cost-effective method of establishing a diagnosis in patients with knee-related complaints. Several investigators…
Imaging of the Knee
Radiographs Radiographs are often the initial imaging study performed for a patient presenting with knee pain, swelling, or decreased range of motion. Radiographs can also aid in the evaluation of…
Hip Anatomy and Biomechanics
The hip joint ( coxa in Latin) is the articulation connecting the pelvis and the femur. It is an encapsulated synovial joint with a ball and socket architecture in which…
Lateral and Posterolateral Corner Injuries of the Knee
As understanding of the posterolateral corner (PLC) has increased, its significance to overall knee function and biomechanics has become clearer. Although it is a relatively uncommon injury, PLC injuries can…
Patellar Instability
Patellar instability is a broad topic that encompasses a continuum of patellar abnormalities ranging from asymptomatic maltracking to debilitating recurrent dislocations. To address this complex topic, it is important to…
