Osteonecrosis of the Knee
Introduction The term osteonecrosis was first described by Ahlback et al. in 1968. The original description involved the spontaneous appearance of what was thought to represent focal osteonecrosis of the femoral…
How to Manage the Active Patient with Osteoarthritis:: Biological Approaches
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating condition that can lead to chronic pain, disability, decreased quality of life and inability to perform activities of daily living. Authors have reported that…
OCD Injuries in the Paediatric and Adult Population
Introduction Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a focal, pathological lesion involving subchondral bone and the attached overlying articular cartilage. Importantly, the focal lesion is at subsequent risk for the development of…
Focal Chondral Injuries
Introduction Focal chondral defects ( FCDs ) constitute a common finding, with a reported incidence of 4.2% and 6.2% in the general population in patients younger than 40, resulting in…
A Basic Science Understanding of Cartilage Repair and Its Clinical Application
The Osteochondral Unit and Biology of Cartilage Repair The function of diarthrodial joints relies on the health and integrity of the osteochondral unit, which encompasses the composite tissue of articular…
Synthetic Meniscal Substitutes
Introduction In search of the ideal meniscal substitute, natural and synthetic materials for meniscal replacement have been reported with variable outcomes. Although meniscus allograft transplantation is the only clinically available…
Meniscal Root Tears
Introduction The role of the meniscus in knee stability and tibiofemoral alignment and its unique ability to turn axial joint loads into hoop stresses have become increasingly understood. With the…
Meniscal Ramp Lesions
Introduction Meniscal ramp lesions have a reported incidence ranging from 16% to 24% in primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. There is no consensus on the exact definition…
Meniscus Deficiency and Meniscal Transplants
Introduction Meniscal injury is the most common knee pathological condition encountered in orthopaedic clinics. Although only a few decades ago the menisci were considered a vestigial structure, today we understand…
Meniscal Radial Tears
Introduction Approximately 40% to 70% of the load transmitted through the knee is done by the menisci. The mechanical load absorption ability of the menisci is to convert axial load…
