Technique: Anderson Technique Allen F. Anderson Christian N. Anderson INTRODUCTION Intrasubstance tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) have been recently reported with increasing frequency in skeletally immature patients. Epidemiologic…
Technique: Modified McIntosh Brant Sachleben Mininder S. Kocher INTRODUCTION Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were once thought to be rare occurrences among skeletally immature patients. Tibial eminence fractures…
Historical Approach: Nonoperative Morgan A. Anderson Jordan D. Metzl INTRODUCTION Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the pediatric population are predominantly in the form of tibial spine avulsion…
Gender-Specific Issues and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Moira M. McCarthy Elizabeth Cody Jo A. Hannafin INTRODUCTION Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common problem in female adolescent athletes playing cutting,…
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics Carl W. Imhauser The knee joint allows motion in all planes based on a complicated interaction between passive constraints including bones and soft tissues and the…
Epidemiology of Pediatric and Adolescent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Peter D. Fabricant Emily R. Dodwell Robert G. Marx INTRODUCTION There has been an increased interest in pediatric and adolescent anterior…
There is a large and heterogeneous group of acquired disorders that have been grouped together collectively as inflammatory muscle diseases. Common clinical diagnoses are polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis….
Skeletal muscles not only use glycogen but also lipid as a source of energy. The oxidation of lipids occurs in the mitochondria and involves a series of enzymatic reactions (…
In addition to the many inherited disorders already described in this book, nerves and muscles can be affected by a wide range of drugs and toxins. Some drug-related myopathies, such…
There have been major advances in the understanding of the underlying causes of the various myasthenic syndromes, all of which involve abnormalities related to the neuromuscular junction ( Fig. 21.1…
