Biochemical Evaluation
Biochemical Evaluation Pauline M. Camacho Successful management of osteoporosis requires a careful choice of biochemical tests to determine the presence of secondary causes of osteoporosis. In addition, biochemical markers of…
Bone Densitometry: Using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry for Monitoring
Bone Densitometry: Using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry for Monitoring Paul D. Miller Central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been the foundation for monitoring patients with osteoporosis. Monitoring is useful for following…
Assessment of Fracture Risk
Assessment of Fracture Risk Paul D. Miller Use of Bone Mineral Density for Fracture Risk Assessment As pointed out in Chapter 1, the T-score has (and will remain) an important…
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis Pauline M. Camacho Bone Remodeling Cycle Bone is in a constant state of turnover or activity throughout life. Remodeling is the process of renewing bone by breaking down old…
What is Osteoporosis?
What is Osteoporosis? Introduction Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone mineral density and compromised microarchitectural integrity leading to structural failure of the skeleton even at low loads. The…
Epidemiology, Risk, and Risk Factors
Epidemiology, Risk, and Risk Factors Introduction Osteoporosis is defined in terms of bone quality, bone mass, bone architecture, and fracture risk. The epidemiology of osteoporosis therefore relates to all these…
Osteoporosis in Clinical Care
Osteoporosis in Clinical Care Introduction Osteoporosis is common and the burden of the resultant low-trauma fractures great and increasing. Action must be taken at all stages of life to effectively…
How to Assess and Monitor Osteoporosis and Risk of Fracture
How to Assess and Monitor Osteoporosis and Risk of Fracture Introduction The aim in clinical practice is to identify those who are at high risk of fracture who will benefit…
High/Low Factors, Levers and Wedges
High/Low Factors, Levers and Wedges Roderic P. Rochester Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the reader should learn how to: Explain how high factors are used with the Orthospinology procedure…
