Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures
12 Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures George M. Ghobrial, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and James S. Harrop Thoracolumbar junctional burst fractures include spinal injuries between the T11 and L2 vertebral levels that result…
Cervicothoracic Fractures and Dislocations
9 Cervicothoracic Fractures and Dislocations Norman B. Chutkan and Jonathan A. Tuttle Fractures of the cervicothoracic junction account for 9% of all cervical fractures. These injuries can frequently be missed…
Atlanto-Axial Instability
3 Atlanto-Axial Instability Andrew J. Schoenfeld and Christopher M. Bono The atlanto-axial (AA) junction is one of the most mobile joints in the entire spine, accounting for ~ 50% of…
Cervical Distraction-Extension Injuries
7 Cervical Distraction-Extension Injuries Amirali Sayadipour and D. Greg Anderson Cervical distraction-extension injuries (CDEIs) are responsible for 5–22% of all structurally significant traumas to the subaxial cervical spine. Surprisingly, there…
Odontoid Fractures
4 Odontoid Fractures Harvey E. Smith, Raymond W. Hwang, Jeremy S. Smith, and Alexander R. Vaccaro Odontoid fractures are the most common cervical spine fracture in the elderly, and their…
C1 Ring Fractures
2 C1 Ring Fractures Gregory Gebauer, Michael A. Pahl, Chadi A. Tannoury, and D. Greg Anderson Fractures of the C1 vertebra, or atlas, make up 2–13% of all spine fractures…
Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of the Axis (Hangman’s Fracture)
5 Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of the Axis (Hangman’s Fracture) D. Greg Anderson and Gregory Gebauer Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis, or hangman’s fracture, refers to a fracture through the neural arch…
Flexion-Compression Injuries of the Cervical Spine
6 Flexion-Compression Injuries of the Cervical Spine John M. Beiner Classification The classification of cervical spine injuries has evolved considerably in the last decade. Previous classification schemes have relied on…
Cervical Facet Dislocations
8 Cervical Facet Dislocations Gregory Gebauer and Brett A. Taylor Facet dislocations are flexion-distraction injuries to the cervical spine that result from high-energy trauma. Motor vehicle crashes and falls are…
Testing the Muscles of the Upper Extremity
Chapter 5 Testing the Muscles of the Upper Extremity Scapular Abduction and Upward Rotation Introduction to Scapular-Thoracic Muscle Testing Scapular Elevation Scapular Adduction Scapular Depression and Adduction Scapular Adduction and…
