Cervical Anomalies in Athletes
Fig. 10.1 Classification system for posterior C1 ring anomalies. (a) Failure of posterior midline fusion of the two hemiarches. (b) Unilateral clefts. A defect is present in one of the…
Pathology in Athletes
Fig. 19.1 Pertinent anatomy of costovertebral articulations . Axial figure of costovertebral joint shows costocentral and costotransverse articulations, normal on the right and disrupted on the left. (From: O’Brien and…
Lumbar Injuries in Athletes
Fig. 18.1 Lateral and AP radiograph of the lumbar spine with relevant anatomy labeled. (From: Valladares-Otero [33]. Reprinted with permission from Springer Nature) (a) X-Ray Lateral View Lumbar Spine. (b)…
Cord Neurapraxia
Fig. 9.1 Space available for the cord Fig. 9.2 Torg ratio – (a, b) By utilizing these standard radiographic techniques , it can be shown that cervical spinal stenosis is…
Disc Herniation in Athletes
Fig. 11.1 This is a case presentation of a 21-year-old elite baseball player who presented to our clinic with 8 weeks of left C6 radiculopathy. He had no weakness on examination….
Assessment and Management of Spine Injuries
Score Eye Verbal Motor 1 No response No response No response 2 Eyes open to pain Incomprehensible/moaning Extension response to pain 3 Eyes open to voice Inappropriate Flexion response to…
of Athletes with Neck or Arm Pain
Nerve root Myotome C5 Shoulder abduction/elbow flexion C6 Elbow flexion/wrist extension C7 Elbow extension/wrist flexion C8 Finger flexion T1 Finger abduction L2 Hip flexion L3 Knee extension L4 Ankle dorsiflexion/Hip…
and On-Field Management of Sports-Related Concussion
Test Response Score Eye opening Spontaneous 4 To speech 3 To pain 2 None 1 Verbal response Oriented 5 Confused 4 Inappropriate 3 Incomprehensible 2 None 1 Motor response Obeying…
Brachial Plexopathy (Stingers/Burners)
Fig. 8.1 Pavlov-Torg ratio : A/B <0.8 indicative of congenital stenosis Presentation and Evaluation The diagnosis of a stinger is a clinical diagnosis that is made by history and physical…
for Spinal Cord Injury in the Athlete
A – Complete No sensory or motor function is preserved in the sacral segments S4–5 B – Sensory incomplete Sensory but not motor function is preserved below the neurologic level and includes…
