Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 7.1 Type A pelvic ring injuries. The pelvic ring is mechanically stable Fig. 7.2 Type B pelvic ring injuries. The pelvic ring is rotationally unstable but the posterior SI…

Fig. 6.1 These are examples of inadequate plain radiographs of a femur fracture. (a) AP radiograph; (b) lateral radiograph. As the knee joint is not included on the radiograph, a…

Fig. 9.1 Algorithm for the acute management of open fractures (Used with permission from Slack Orthopedics: Mauffrey et al. [116]) Initial Debridement Timing In 2009, the guidelines on the management…

Fig. 15.1 Increased abdominal pressure affects multiple organ systems Intra-abdominal hypertension also has a direct compressive effect on the renal system. This results in a relative obstruction to renal venous…

Fig. 4.1 (a) Absolute growth of elderly population in the United States, subdivided by age group. From 2000 to 2050, the population of persons over the age of 65 in…

Fig. 13.1 Pathophysiology of the inflammatory cascade and iatrogenic “2nd hit” insults leading to secondary brain injury Consequently, alternative strategies to provide early fracture stabilization of long bones, while avoiding…

Injury description AIS Pulmonary contusion 3 Fracture <3 ribs 1–2 Flail chest, unilateral 3 Blunt cardiac injury, minor ECG changes 3 Torn descending thoracic aorta 4–5 Epidemiology Thoracic injury is…