Primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Fig. 6.1 Pallor phase in a patient with PRP On examination there are no abnormalities. The skin of her fingers is cool but normal. Her upper limb peripheral pulses are…
Angiography
Fig. 14.1 Patient with longstanding RP and SSc and no atherosclerotic risk factors. She presented with dry gangrene of multiple toes and no palpable pedal pulses. Angiography showed severe tibial…
Raynaud’s Mimics
Fig. 11.1 Frostbite: These pictures show evidence of frostbite-related tissue injury following accidental prolonged cold exposure. After 36 h of outdoor exposure to freezing conditions, he was rescued and admitted…
Nailfold Capillaroscopy
Fig. 12.1 (a, b) The nailfold videocapillaroscope. The morphology of the nailfold dermal papillary capillaries is being studied by first putting a drop of oil on the nailfold and afterwards…
Surgical Management
Type I Complete occlusion of radial or ulnar artery; decreased flow and narrowing in level 2 and 3 arteries Type II As I, but with stenosis of radial or ulnar…
Practical Approaches to Treatment: Case Studies
Fig. 23.1 Bedside examination of nailfold demonstrates enlarged capillary loops and areas of dropout of capillaries typical of scleroderma In managing this patient it is recognized that she is at…
Secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Classification of Raynaud’s phenomenon Key characteristics Primary Raynaud’s Familiar predisposition, young age of onset, lack of digital ulceration, absence of ANA Secondary Raynaud’s Connective tissue diseases Features of SSc, SLE,…
Pathophysiological Regulation of the Cutaneous Vascular System in Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Fig. 5.1 RP. Schematic represention of RP demonstrating cold-induced constriction and vasospasm of the digital arteries, which precipitates a marked reduction in finger blood flow and contributes to the characteristic…
Thermoregulation: The Normal Structure and Function of the Cutaneous Vascular System
Fig. 4.1 The human cutaneous microvascular system. Three dimensional (3D) structure of the superficial microvascular system of human finger skin obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of corrosion casts [83]….
Other Secondary Causes
Carpal tunnel syndrome Associated with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon Associated with systemic sclerosis (in particular early, rapidly progressive diffuse cutaneous disease) Drugs and toxins Immunosuppressive agents Chemotherapeutic agents Drugs used in…
