Medication Recommendation Non-aspirin NSAIDs (excluding celecoxib) Discontinue 5 half-lives prior to procedure. Restart 2 h after procedure ASA, ASA combinations for primary prophylaxis Discontinue 6 days prior to procedure. Restart…
Pain Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Disability Index (PDI) McGill Pain Questionnaire Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Physical function Owestry Disability Index (ODI) Roland Morris Disability…
Fig. 5.1 Sagittal (left) and axial (right) MRI demonstrating epidural fibrosis surrounding the left nerve root in a patient with persistent postoperative neuropathic lower extremity pain and low back pain…
Brittle material Material with no or low capacity of plastic deformation. Ductile material Material with large capacity of plastic deformation. Elasticity Reversible deformation of a material. The material regains its…
Fig. 35.1 (a, b) A 28-year-old male with an unstable bursting fracture of ll. (c, d) He was treated by posterior instrumentation with pedicle screws made of titanium alloy. (e,…
Fig. 23.1 (a) Scheme of successive stages of treatment of patients with achondroplasia. (b) Chart of the simultaneous removal of the tibia and femur Fig. 23.2 Dependence of step length…
Fig. 19.1 Schematic representation of a metallic surface: (a) ideal surface, (b) technical surface obtained by metal processing, (c) technical surface with oxide layer. The miscrostructure (grains) is typical for…
Fig. 31.1 The force from deltoid contraction (gray) acts some distance from the center of glenohumeral rotation and therefore acts both to rotate the joint and to translate this superiorly…
Fig. 22.1 Growing cartilage of a vertebra. (a) Vertebral plateau. (b) Bipolar cartilage = neurocenral cartilage. (c) Posterior elements apophyseal cartilage. P periosteum, R ring apophysis Vertebral Growth Plates Each vertebra has…
Fig. 33.1 (a) Transverse pedicle diameters. (b) Superoinferior pedicle diameters. (c) Anteroposterior pedicle angles. (d) Horizontal pedicle angles In children, the pedicles are smaller, but their relative dimensions and orientations…
