The spinal cord and dura mater have a united and functionally indissociable vascularization. Characteristic of the intramedullary vessels of the spinal cord is to maintain their embryonal metameric disposition, which…
Fig. 5.1 The patient’s eyes are protected to avoid direct pressure Fig. 5.2 Positioning of nasogastric and endotracheal tubes Fig. 5.3 Tracheostomy opened in a patient before surgery For a…
Fig. 2.1 Axial view of the subaxial cervical spine This chapter describes the essential anatomy of subaxial cervical spine (C3-C7). 2.1 Bony Anatomy 2.1.1 C3-C6 Vertebrae are composed by a…
Fig. 8.1 WBB Surgical Staging System. (1) On the transverse plane, the vertebra is divided into 12 radiating zones (numbered 1–12 in a clockwise order) and into 5 layers (A…
Fig. 5.1 Correctly acquired spine scans for children of different ages. (a) Child, aged 5 years, with hypophosphatasia; (b) child, aged 9 years, with osteogenesis imperfecta; (c) child, aged 16…
Technique Approximate costsa Sites Clinical/ research Radiation dose (μSv) Precision (CV %) DXA (including iDXA) $72–180 K £39–99 K €59–147 K Lumbar spine Both 0.4–4 <1 Total body Both 0.02–5…
where I = measured intensity of the X-ray I 0 = initial intensity of the X-ray beam μ = mass attenuation coefficient (cm2g−1) M = area density (g/cm2)) In other words, for a given beam intensity level,…
Fig. 6.1 Lumbar spine scans in infants showing (a) anterior-posterior “breathing” movement, (b) lateral movement, and (c) no movement Contemporary software versions have edge detection algorithms that function well for…
Fig. 12.1 (a) Radiograph of an infant’s lower leg, showing metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia (arrows). (b) Metaphyseal fracture of the left distal tibia in a 2-month-old (arrow) Fig….
• Diagnosis • Fracture history • Medication use (steroid, anticonvulsant, and bisphosphonate) • Status of hips (dislocation, past surgery) • Presence of nonremovable orthopedic or internal hardware and location (plates,…
