Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 12.1 Pre-operative radiographs in anteroposterior (a), lateral (b) and trans-oral (c) projetions Fig. 12.2 Pre-operative CT scans of the C2 lesion, pathognomonic for osteoblastoma Fig. 12.3 Pre-operative angiography and…

Fig. 10.1 Left side. Upper Cervical Spine (UCS) approach: (1) hyoid bone, (2) angle of the mandible, (3) mastoid tip, and (4) anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle Fig. 10.2 Left…

Fig. 9.1 Surgical approches to CVJ Anterior Approach Transcranial (transfrontal, orbitozygomatic, pterional) Transnasal (transsphenoidal, transmaxillary, endoscopic) Transoral (transpalatal, buccopharyngeal, translabiomandibular, translabioglossomandibular, endoscopic) Transcervical Posterior Approach Suboccipital, retrosigmoid, extreme lateral Lateral…

Fig. 13.1 Left lateral cervical abscess following anterior approach in cervical spine stabilization 13.9 Spinal Cord Damage Spinal cord injury can be an expression of worsening of pre-existing myelopathy or…

Fig. 6.1 ACDF with stand alone anterior cage Anterior column (vertebral bodies and discs) is exposed through an anterior prevascular exposure (more often with transverse skin incision) and the level…

Fig. 3.1 Cross section of the main muscles and fascial layers of the neck 3.2 Muscles of the Neck 3.2.1 Platysma Compared to all other muscles of the neck, which…

Fig. 7.1 Identification of skin landmarks before incision The surgeon has to identify (Fig. 7.1): 1. Notch of thyroid cartilage   2. Cricoid cartilage   3. Skin incision line  …

Fig. 1.1 C1 anatomy The atlas, first cervical vertebra, has its origins in the fourth occipital and first cervical sclerotomes. It is unique among vertebrae in not having a body…

Fig. 11.1 The standard midline posterior approach to the cervical spine is carried through the two symmetrical extensor muscle compartments down to the dorsal surface of the neural arches Thus,…