Anatomy of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
Fig. 2.1 Axial view of the subaxial cervical spine This chapter describes the essential anatomy of subaxial cervical spine (C3-C7). 2.1 Bony Anatomy 2.1.1 C3-C6 Vertebrae are composed by a…
Surgical Planning in Cervical Spine Oncologic Patients
Fig. 8.1 WBB Surgical Staging System. (1) On the transverse plane, the vertebra is divided into 12 radiating zones (numbered 1–12 in a clockwise order) and into 5 layers (A…
Acquisition of DXA in Children and Adolescents
Fig. 5.1 Correctly acquired spine scans for children of different ages. (a) Child, aged 5 years, with hypophosphatasia; (b) child, aged 9 years, with osteogenesis imperfecta; (c) child, aged 16…
Tools for Measuring Bone in Children and Adolescents
Technique Approximate costsa Sites Clinical/ research Radiation dose (μSv) Precision (CV %) DXA (including iDXA) $72–180 K £39–99 K €59–147 K Lumbar spine Both 0.4–4 <1 Total body Both 0.02–5…
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiomery Technology
where I = measured intensity of the X-ray I 0 = initial intensity of the X-ray beam μ = mass attenuation coefficient (cm2g−1) M = area density (g/cm2)) In other words, for a given beam intensity level,…
Analysis and Evaluation of DXA in Children and Adolescents
Fig. 6.1 Lumbar spine scans in infants showing (a) anterior-posterior “breathing” movement, (b) lateral movement, and (c) no movement Contemporary software versions have edge detection algorithms that function well for…
Evaluation of Fracture Without Known Trauma: Use of DXA in Differential Diagnosis
Fig. 12.1 (a) Radiograph of an infant’s lower leg, showing metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia (arrows). (b) Metaphyseal fracture of the left distal tibia in a 2-month-old (arrow) Fig….
DXA in Children with Special Needs
• Diagnosis • Fracture history • Medication use (steroid, anticonvulsant, and bisphosphonate) • Status of hips (dislocation, past surgery) • Presence of nonremovable orthopedic or internal hardware and location (plates,…
What’s Next in the Field of Bone Health in Pediatrics? Research Considerations
Fig. 13.1 High-resolution MR image showing bright bone marrow, dark cortical bone, and trabecular bone (a) Tibia (b) radius and (c) Proximal femur Cortical Bone MRI Cortical bone MRI, especially…
Lessons Learned from Clinical Research Using QCT, pQCT, and HR-pQCT
Fig. 11.1 Plots of cortical bone mineral density (Ct.BMD; (a), cortical porosity (Ct.Po; b), cortical area (Ct.Ar; c), and failure load (d) measured at the distal radius with high-resolution peripheral…
