Osteoporosis classification Causes Primary osteoporosis Aging Idiopathic Secondary osteoporosis Hypogonadism Excess glucocorticoid Alcohol abuse Tobacco abuse Renal insufficiency Hepatic disorders Gastrointestinal disorders/malabsorption Hyperparathyroidism Hypercalciuria Anticonvulsants Thyrotoxicosis Chronic respiratory disorders Homocystinuria…
(1) Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (2) Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany …
Fig. 2.1 The human vertebral column from (a) median-sagittal, (b) ventral, and (c) in a cross-sectional view of a cervical segment. Note the increasing shift between spinal segments and in…
Diseasea Clinical presentation and diagnostic characteristics Myelitis with autoimmune-/immune–mediated CNS disorders Multiple sclerosis (MS) Relapsing or progressive, lesions typically short and laterally localised in the spinal cord, cranial MRI with…
Fig. 14.1 Autonomic cardiovascular control. The cerebral cortex and hypothalamus project to the nuclei of the medulla oblongata, where autonomic cardiovascular control is coordinated and integrated with input from baroreceptors,…
Fig. 17.1 Number of patients in Germany in need of ventilation at the time of hospital discharge 17.2 Epidemiology of Ventilated Patients In a registry of all German-speaking countries, data…
Fig. 15.1 (a) Innervation and neural control of the LUT during the storage phase (Abbreviations: N. nerve, PAG periaqueductal gray, symp. sympathetic, L. lumbar, S sacral, −β 3 beta3-adrenoreceptor inhibition,…
Fig. 21.1 Axonal degeneration, regeneration, and sprouting after spinal cord injury. (a) Injured non-regenerating axons display dystrophic retraction bulbs and Wallerian degeneration of the distal axon segment. Axon regeneration can…
Fig. 5.1 Vascularization of the spinal cord: The main blood supply for the lower thoracic and lumbar spinal cord is derived from the Adamkiewicz artery feeding into the anterior spinal…
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Norbert Weidner, Rüdiger Rupp and Keith E. Tansey (eds.)Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_25 25. Translation: Relevance of Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models Seth Tigchelaar1 and Brian K. Kwon2 (1) International Collaboration on Repair…
