Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 1.1 Patient with right ankle injury treated with open reduction and internal fixation of fibula and closed treatment of distal tibia fracture. Referred for nonunion after progressive deformity developed. a–c…

Fig. 15.1 31-year-old male who suffered a moped accident with an isolated complex open intraarticular distal tibia and fibula fracture. He underwent staged management and with debridement and spanning external fixation,…

Open fracture Age Smoking Alcohol NSAIDs Nutritional deficiency Prior radiation Endocrinopathies Infection 13.2.1 Mechanical Instability may cause excessive motion at the fracture site, which encourages stem cells to differentiate into…

Fig. 2.1 Primary healing with absolute stability. The patient is a 26-year-old woman who was struck by a motor vehicle and sustained a Grade III open right distal tibia fracture. a…

Fig. 8.1 a Anteroposterior (AP) pelvis at presentation 2 years after the accident with pain in the sacrum treated previously with cannulated screws. b Axial CT scan showing nonunion of the sacrum….

Fig. 10.1 Initial injury X-rays (a–c) Fig. 10.2 Post-initial debridement and external fixation (a–c) Fig. 10.3 Initial Masquelet technique after debridements (a, b) Fig. 10.4 Massive bone grafting using the…

Fig. 7.1 Computed tomography evaluation of distal radius nonunion after attempted fixation and allograft bone grafting for comminuted open fracture 7.2.5 Treatment Given the rarity of distal radius nonunions, it is…

Fig. 9.1 Subtrochanteric nonunion in irradiated bone with failed hardware A careful history that evaluates systemic conditions and medications must be performed. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been implicated…

Fig. 12.1 a Knee radiographs demonstrate varus deformity and apparent intra-articular nonunion. b Full-length weight-bearing view of the bilateral lower extremities confirms varus malalignment as well as the relative limb shortening…

Fig. 5.1 Anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) radiographs of a supracondylar humerus nonunion. Loss of fixation and alignment of the fracture fragments can be seen, as well as a gap at…