More typically, patients with hypocalcemia may be asymptomatic or experience milder symptoms such as muscle cramps and paresthesias. The paresthesias, described as “pins and needles” sensations in the hands, feet,…
Deletions within two nonoverlapping regions of 10p can lead to a phenotype similar to DiGeorge sequence, namely, the hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome. Unlike patients with the…
Despite the hypocalcemia, soft tissue calcifications may develop in patients with hypoparathyroidism when elevated serum phosphorus levels lead to an elevated (i.e., >70 mg2/dL2) calcium × phosphorus solubility product. A…
The serum level of PTH distinguishes primary hyperparathyroidism from other disorders causing hypercalcemia, because it is the only hypercalcemic disorder resulting from excessive production of PTH. Serum phosphate levels are…
Hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia as a result of increased resorption of bone, reabsorption of calcium in the renal tubule, and absorption of calcium from the gut. PTH also decreases reabsorption of…
In severe hypercalcemia, precipitates can occur in the renal interstitium and incite an inflammatory reaction (nephrocalcinosis). By the time interstitial calcium deposits are visible on radiography, renal function is already…
Compared with other secretory systems, the parathyroid cell contains minimal amounts of hormone stored in the granules. Consequently, regulation of secretion occurs at the gene level and by cell proliferation….
The age-related subperiosteal expansion of long bones partially compensates mechanically for the endosteal resorption and resultant cortical thinning and increased porosity that occurs with aging. This radial outward displacement of…
The growth in width of a long bone is due primarily to subperiosteal formation of new bone, a process referred to as modeling, which begins before birth and continues even…
In addition, electricity can be induced in bone by means of an electric field with the electric apparatus remaining completely external to the limb; however, the amplitude and frequency of…
