Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 15.1 Change in the number of clinical research publications in English regarding the glucose clamp technique, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and/or hyperglycemic clamp, from 1979 to 2014. A PubMed search was…

Fig. 2.1 Limited joint mobility. Flexion contracture of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in fingers Table 2.1 Rheumatic complications of DM Conditions unique to DM  Diabetic muscle infarction Conditions…

Turnover Mineralization Volume High Normal High Normal Abnormal Normal Low  Low TMV bone turnover, mineralization, and volume 6.2.2 Bone Mineral Density in CKD According to a survey of 2174 Japanese…

Fig. 3.1 Associations between the presence of T2DM and vertebral fractures. The relative risk of vertebral fractures in T2DM patients is significantly higher than that in nondiabetic subjects in both…

Fig. 13.1 Univariate correlation between ectopic fat and organ-specific insulin resistance HGP, hepatic glucose production; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; SSPI, steady state plasma insulin; IHL, intrahepatic lipid; IMCL, intramyocellular lipid;…

Fig. 17.1 Chest sweat rate (chest SR) plotted against esophageal temperature (T es) for one subject exercising at an ambient temperature (T a) of 25 °C. The responses to increase chest…

Fig. 12.1 Overview of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Glycolysis is utilized by all tissues for the catabolism of glucose to provide energy in the form of ATP. Pyruvate dehydrogenase irreversibly…

Glycemic control HbA1C GA Excellent (HbA1C≤6 %, GA≤18 %) 307 (57.1 %) 152 (28.3 %) Good (6 %<HbA1C≤7 %, 18 %<GA≤21 %) 128 (23.7 %) 106 (19.7 %) Good (7 %<HbA1C≤8 %, 21 %<GA≤24 %) 65 (12.1 %) 84 (15.6 %) Poor (8 %<HbA1C, 24 %<GA) 38 (7.1 %)…

Fig. 8.1 Diabetes and bone-generated hormone interaction via osteoblast/osteocyte impairment. Several factors associated with diabetes impair osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation and function where FGF23 and osteocalcin were generated. AGEs advanced glycation end…