3 Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Diskectomy: Extraforaminal Approach Akarawit Asawasaksakul, Alfonso García, and Gun Choi 3.1 Introduction Extraforaminal disk herniations, or “the hidden zone,” as described by Macnab, extend out from…
13 Tubular Endoscopic Lumbar Laminoforaminotomy and Diskectomy [1] Mick Perez-Cruet and Mengqiao Alan Xi 13.1 Introduction Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches to spine decompression were developed with the goal of…
35 Thoracoscopic Decompression and Fixation for Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Junction Lesions Ricky Raj S. Kalra, Meic H. Schmidt, and Rudolf Beisse 35.1 Indications • Anterior reconstruction of unstable fractures of…
6 Surgical Technique for Percutaneous Endoscopic Laser Annuloplasty/Nucleoplasty Akarawit Asawasaksakul and Gun Choi 6.1 Introduction Diskogenic pain is one of the most difficult back pains to distinguish by clinical symptoms….
