Musculoskeletal Key

Skin Lesions D. Scot Malay Marija Ugrinich SITES OF ORIGIN The skin consists of the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis or subcutis) and is the largest organ…

Nonosseous Injuries Keith D. Cook Nonosseous or soft tissue injuries can be a perplexing entity for both the physician and patient. Whereas one can assess healing of a fracture or…

Electrical and Mechanical Bone Growth Stimulation Michael S. Downey Wen-Yin Choi Wang Electrical energy was first described in an effort to achieve bone healing in 1812 when Birch was credited…

Orthobiologics D. Scot Malay William Harris IV Orthobiologics is a relatively new and rapidly expanding sector in the fields of bone and joint surgery and wound healing. Although the term…

Nonunions Stephan J. LaPointe RISK FACTORS COMORBIDITIES Due to the nature of the podiatric profession and prevalence of the disease, diabetes is likely to be the most common comorbidity that…

Osteomyelitis Lawrence M. Oloff Geoffrey S. Heard Despite tremendous innovations in medical technology over the last 50 years, the basic tenets of management of contaminated bone have remained essentially unchanged….

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Tod R. Storm Michael S. Lee Plastic surgery is a broad field involving specialized techniques of soft tissue handling used to minimize or revise scarring, to…

Lower Extremity Infections Mark A. Kosinski Warren S. Joseph Infections of the lower extremity, especially postoperative ones, account for a disproportionate amount of patient morbidity and medicolegal actions against podiatric…

Puncture Wounds Stephen V. Corey Michelle L. Butterworth Puncture wounds of the foot are a relatively common problem confronting the physician. A study by Fitzgerald and Cowan (1) noted 887…

External Fixation of Rearfoot and Ankle Arthrodeses Bradley M. Lamm External fixation has been used for more than a century. Codivilla (1) is the first to report the use of…