Musculoskeletal Key

Pressure Ulcers The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) defines a pressure ulcer as a “localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence as a…

Spasticity Spasticity is a disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increased resistance to passive stretch, associated with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex. Spasticity is part of…

Speech and Swallowing APHASIA Defined as impairment of speaking, listening, reading, and/or writing secondary to brain insult. Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and global aphasias are the most common. Many cases do not…

Neurogenic Bladder Neurophysiology – Bladder distention activates detrusor stretch (δ) receptors, which in turn activate the sacral micturition center at S2-4. During bladder filling, the intact cerebral cortex inhibits the…

Stroke EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS A stroke is defined by the WHO as the rapid development of clinical signs of cerebral dysfunction, with signs lasting at least 24 hours or…

Traumatic Brain Injury INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY TBI is a serious public health problem in the United States. Each year, an estimated 1.7 million people sustain a TBI.1 Of them 52,000…

Spinal Cord Injury EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TRAUMATIC SCI There are ≈12,000 new patients who survive SCI in the United States each year.1 Since 2005, the mean age at time of injury…