Enchondroma
Enchondromas can occur anywhere in the skeleton. In very rare cases, a benign enchondroma undergoes malignant transformation into secondary chondrosarcoma (see Plate 6-17). However, aggressive appearing lesions in the hands…
Osteoid Osteoma
Diagnostic Studies. An intense bony reaction to a small nidus is the radiographic hallmark of osteoid osteoma. Radiographs reveal an oval radiolucent nidus only 3 to 5 mm in diameter…
Osteoblastoma
Diagnostic Studies. Plain radiographs show a relatively radiolucent, bone-forming (osteoblastic) lesion that is osteolytic and often has an aneurysmal, or blown-out, appearance. It is surrounded by a thin margin of…
Behçet Syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Many different criteria are used for diagnosis of Behçet syndrome, but the International Study Group criteria are the most used. Recurrent oral ulcers are required along with two…
Behçet Syndrome (Continued)
Central Nervous System Manifestations. CNS involvement is thought to affect 10% to 50% of patients, with a mortality rate of up to 20%. In general, CNS involvement is one of…
Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Multiple factors such as infection (e.g., herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and human immunodeficiency virus), immune system dysregulation, and genetics have been implicated in its pathogenesis….
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis (Continued)
Laboratory tests may show anemia, and the ESR sometimes may be elevated. ANA are present in up to 80% of patients. Creatine kinase is the most sensitive and reliable enzyme…
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
These diseases are rare, with prevalence rates of approximately 1 per 100,000 in the general population. The annual incidence ranges from 2 to 10 cases per million. Although the disease…
Scleroderma—Radiographic Findings of Acro-osteolysis and Calcinosis Cutis
Raynaud Phenomenon. The most effective method of preventing Raynaud phenomenon is avoidance of cold exposure. Patients should wear warm protective clothing and avoid tobacco use. Conventional vasodilators, such as long-acting…
Scleroderma—Clinical Findings
Pulmonary hypertension, characterized by rapidly progressive dyspnea, occurs in 7% to 12% of patients typically 10 to 15 years after onset of Raynaud phenomenon. The diffusing capacity is disproportionally reduced…
