Introduction One of the challenges of pediatric rheumatology is the broad spectrum of conditions ranging from the benign to the potentially life-limiting childhood malignancies that may present with relatively nonspecific…
Musculoskeletal pain of noninflammatory origin is common in childhood and is a frequent cause of referral to pediatric rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, sports medicine specialists, and primary care physicians. Noninflammatory causes…
Introduction Primary disorders of connective tissue encompass a diverse range of single gene disorders that alter the function of connective tissue cells and their extracellular matrices. The mutations have major…
Musculoskeletal infection can be considered a medical emergency, and as such it is critically important for rheumatologists to make a diagnosis quickly. Accurate diagnosis is essential to successful treatment, which…
Many nonrheumatic systemic disorders cause musculoskeletal signs or symptoms, most commonly arthralgia, arthritis, myalgia, or bone pain. Sometimes these are trivial; however, occasionally they are the presentations of the underlying…
Biologics are different from nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in that they are produced by biologic processes rather than chemical syntheses and target specific, well-defined molecules expressed on cells or…
Historical Background Kawasaki disease (KD) is one of the most common vasculitides of childhood. It has the potential to cause severe complications, significant morbidity, and even mortality. Expeditious treatment can…
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of vasculitides characterized by small- to medium-sized blood vessel inflammation, clinically overlapping features, and the presence of ANCA. This group of…
Necrotizing vasculitis that affects small blood vessels (especially the postcapillary venules, capillaries, and arterioles) and is often caused by immune complex deposition may show leukocytoclastic vasculitis on histology ( Fig….
Cogan Syndrome Cogan syndrome was first described in 1945 by Dr. David Cogan, an ophthalmologist, who described four patients who developed near simultaneously interstitial keratitis and vestibular-auditory symptoms, which led…
