Fig. 4.1 Diagram illustrating the spectrum of severity of bony stress injury including normal bone, stress reaction with no fracture, incomplete fracture, complete fracture without displacement, displaced fracture, and nonunion…
Walking Running Ground reaction forces 1.5 × body weight 2–3 × body weight Velocity Lesser Greater Ranges of motion Lesser Greater Support phase Single and double limb support Single limb support only Greater…
Grade Pain Imaging findings Description I No Imaging evidence of stress fracture, no fracture line Asymptomatic stress reaction II Yes Imaging evidence of stress fracture, no fracture line Symptomatic stress…
Fig. 6.1 Oblique lumbar radiographs demonstrating spondylolysis (arrows). (a) The pars interarticularis is the “isthmus” located between the superior and inferior articular facets and between the lamina and pedicle. (b)…
Fig. 2.1 Diagram of bone metabolism remodeling in response to stress. Top: Balance between factors that contribute to microdamage accumulation and variables that affect the body’s natural healing response. Bottom:…
Fig. 1.1 Illustration of the Haversian system and vascular supply in cortical bone. With permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Initiation Fracture Toughness of Human Cortical Bone as a Function of…
