Arthroscopic surgery for biceps-labral complex disease
Introduction The past few decades have seen a rapid shift in our understanding of the anatomy and pathology of the biceps and superior labrum. Today’s clinical and basic science literature…
Tendon tears in athletes: Pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi and teres major
Pectoralis major tendon tears Anatomy The pectoralis major (PM) arises in a broad triangular sheet as primarily two distinct heads, an upper clavicular head and a lower sternocostal head, that…
Shoulder conditions in children
Brachial plexus birth palsy Injuries to the brachial plexus that occur during birth are referred to using several different terms in the literature, including “brachial plexus birth palsies” (BPBPs) and…
Throwing athletes
Throwing exerts great stress on the shoulder. As a result, the shoulder is a common site of pathology and disability in these athletes. Conte et al. reported that shoulder injuries…
Nonthrowing athletes
The shoulder is a common site of injury in athletes who compete in contact sports and sports that require repetitive overhead motions. For example, collision athletes are prone to sudden…
Opinion editorial—what should be our teaching legacy?
ABOUT THE EXPERT Christian Gerber, MD, is Professor and Chairman Emeritus of Orthopaedics at the University of Zürich, Switzerland. He was educated in Switzerland and France and did a shoulder…
Radiographic evaluation of shoulder problems
Radiographic evaluation of the shoulder requires a minimum of two views of the area that are perpendicular to each other. The shoulder is a complicated anatomic unit made up of…
Clinical evaluation of shoulder problems
From the first days in medical school, physicians are taught that establishing a correct diagnosis depends on obtaining a meaningful and detailed medical history from the patient. This requires the…
Gross anatomy of the shoulder
We are faced with a paradox in shoulder anatomy. Knowledge regarding the details of shoulder anatomy has increased along with knowledge regarding its clinical significance. However, our exposure is decreasing….
Developmental anatomy of the shoulder
As our human ancestors evolved to become bipedal, the scapulohumeral complex evolved to comply with the specific demands that arise from an orthograde posture and to facilitate prehension. The inherent…
