Problems Presenting in the Spine
Neck Function The neck is highly mobile. It is highly susceptible to injury because the weight of the head creates large forces in high energy accidents. Presentation Cervical spondylosis (arthritis)…
History and Examination of the Spine
History All patients must have had backache at some time in their lives. Check with them how this episode differs from any others, as this may reveal signs of sinister…
History and Examination of the Arm
Introduction Problems in the upper limb may arise from nerve entrapment in the neck, so always check the neck when examining the upper limb. Do not forget to use both…
Musculoskeletal Structure and Function
1 Musculoskeletal structure and function The locomotor system is composed of bone, cartilage, muscle, tendons and ligaments. Bone Bone is essentially a mineralised connective tissue. It is comprised of two…
Problems Presenting in the Arm
Shoulder Function Loss of shoulder movement severely compromises the function of the upper limb. A patient with limited mobility in the shoulder should, if possible, be able to put their…
History and Examination – an Overview
Determining the underlying aetiology of locomotor disease requires a directed history and examination, but an overall screening system is crucial to ensure that no feature is overlooked. In addition the…
