Summary box 1 Maintain passive range of motion in all upper extremity joints—especially shoulder external rotation (in both abduction and adduction) and forearm pronation and supination. 2 Force use of…
Summary box 1 Brachial plexus injuries are followed by chronic pain in 30–90% of patients. 2 Pain following brachial plexus injuries may be due to neuromas, denervation-reinnervation, avulsion, or musculoskeletal…
Summary Box 1 Indications and timing for nerve repair/reconstruction in patients with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) remain controversial. 2 We consider absent or significantly impaired hand function, in the…
Summary box 1 Direct inspection alone in the operating room has been shown repeatedly to be unreliable in assessing the severity of peripheral nerve lesions, especially brachial plexus injuries. Therefore,…
Summary box 1 Comparison of natural history to the outcome of surgical intervention for NBPP is limited by lesion variability, the different assessment paradigms used at different centers, and investigational…
Summary box 1 Despite advances in prenatal and obstetrical care, the estimated prevalence of brachial plexus palsy (BPP) remains stable. 2 The goal in the infant is to maintain joint…
Summary box 1 Brachial plexus and upper extremity musculoskeletal anatomy must be thoroughly understood in order to properly examine, diagnose, and localize brachial plexus injuries. 2 The clinical examination of…
Summary Box 1 Early imaging to evaluate injuries associated with neonatal brachial plexus palsies within the first week of life includes radiographs or ultrasonography. 2 At age 3 to 4…
Summary box 1 The brachial plexus can be organized into 5 zones: spinal nerve roots, trunks, divisions, cords and terminal branches. 2 C5-6 nerve roots form the upper trunk, C7…
Summary Box 1 The vast majority of persistent brachial plexus lesions in infants is a combination of axonotmesis or neurotmesis in varying proportions. 2 Electrodiagnostic studies are able to determine…
