2.1.1.3 Fracture Classification Allman, in 1967, classified clavicle fractures into three groups based upon anatomical location. Groups I and III were further subdivided by Craig and Neer but the initial…
Accessory bone Prevalence (%) Clinical significance Differential diagnosis Os trigonum 1–25 Synchondrotic degeneration or tear Posterior ankle impingement syndrome Flexor hallucis longus tendon entrapment Shepherd’s fracture Cedell’s fracture Pseudoarthrosis Accessory…
Figure 9.1 Diagram showing the ligaments around the ankle The distal tibial ossification centre appears between 6 and 24 months of age and the distal fibular ossific centre around 9–24…
Figure 3.1 Plain radiograph of olecranon fracture 3.1.3.2 Treatment and Indications for Surgery The majority (80%) of fractures are undisplaced and can be managed with a plaster cast alone. The…
Skull Anterior posterior (AP), lateral, and Towne’s view (the latter if clinically indicated) Skull radiographs should be taken with the skeletal survey even if a CT scan has been or…
Figure 5.1 An X-ray showing an avulsion fracture of the right anterior superior iliac spine Tile and Pennal A. Stable fractures. A1. Avulsion fractures. A2. Undisplaced pelvic…
Child Adult Multiple level INJ Less common Common Structure injured Ligaments/soft tissues Bone Upper C-spine (%) 70 15 Spinal cord INJ (%) 10 30 SCIWORA (% of SCI) 16…
Figure 7.1 Radiographs of a distal femoral physeal injury and fixation using two parallel screws A long leg cast should be applied for 4–6 weeks. 7.1.1.6 Follow-Up K-wire pin sites…
Figure 11.1 Lateral radiograph demonstrating L5/S1 spondylolysis 1. Grade I—0–25% slip. 2. Grade II—26–50% slip. 3. Grade III—51–75% slip. 4. Grade IV—76–99% slip. 5. Grade V—Spondyloptosis,…
Figure 1.1 The Salter-Harris classification (Reprinted with permission from Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010) 1.6 Physeal Injuries and Arrest 1.6.1 Epidemiology Physeal injuries are…
