Musculoskeletal Key

Surgical Site Infections Andrew J. Schoenfeld Andrew W. Cleveland III Introduction Surgical site infections are among the most common complications following spine surgery and may present in as many as…

Lumbar Spine Injuries and Sports Robert G. Watkins IV Marc A. Agulnick Camden B. Burns Mark G. Grossman Epidemiology Low back pain usually affects an athlete at some point. This…

Cervical Spine Injuries and Sports Marc A. Agulnick Camden B. Burns Robert G. Watkins IV Mark G. Grossman The cervical spine is a concerning site of injury in sports. Most…

Gunshot Injuries to the Spine Robert F. Heary John C. Quinn Introduction Civilian gunshot wounds have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Every year, approximately 100,000 Americans are victims…

Spinal Cord Injury Jay M. Zampini Mitchel B. Harris Introduction Traumatic injury to the spinal cord can result in devastating loss of neurologic functions. Deficits may vary, from minimal observable…

Thoracic and Lumbar Trauma Chambliss C. Harrod Devan Moody Gregory D. Schroeder Alexander R. Vaccaro Thoracolumbar fractures are common injuries affecting over 700,000 individuals annually. Fractures can range from low-energy…

Cervical Trauma Khalid M. I. Salem Charles G. Fisher Introduction Cervical spine injury is common. There is a bimodal distribution with one peak observed among the young (15 to 24…

Adjunct Diagnostic Studies – I Examination and Diagnostics Eugene Carragee Heidi Prather T. Joseph Malbrough Most diagnoses in patients with spinal disorders can be made on the basis of clinical…

Imaging of the Spine Amit Jain Jay A. Khanna Uma Srikumaran Introduction Along with a comprehensive history and physical examination, imaging is an important component of the evaluation of patients…

Physical Examination of the Spine Daniel R. Possley Andrew J. Schoenfeld Introduction A thorough history and physical examination is the cornerstone to the effective evaluation of spinal disorders. While modern…