Lumbar Disk Herniations, Discogenic Back Pain, and Cauda Equina Syndrome Dipak B. Ramkumar Niveditta Ramkumar Adam M. Pearson Lumbar Disk Herniations Anatomical Considerations The fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk acts primarily as…
Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis Vadim Goz William Ryan Spiker Relevant Anatomy Understanding the anatomy of the lumbar spine is key to understanding the pathophysiology and treatments of degenerative lumbar stenosis…
Degenerative Low Back Pain F. Todd Wetzel Introduction Low back pain, presumably due to degenerative disease, is ubiquitous. Eighty percent of people experience an episode of low back pain at…
Thoracic Stenosis, Myelopathy and Radiculopathy Michael Moghimi Christopher M. Bono Thomas D. Cha Degenerative pathology of the thoracic spine can present in multiple ways, but usually with the constellation of…
Cervical Radiculopathy Shawn M. Bifano John D. Koerner Alan S. Hilibrand Introduction Cervical radiculopathy is defined as a neurologic disorder resulting in pain in a radicular pattern to one or…
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Amandeep Bhalla Jay M. Zampini Introduction Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a clinical condition characterized by symptomatic dysfunction of the cervical spinal cord resulting from pathoanatomical changes…
Metastatic Tumors Joseph H. Schwab Metastatic disease to the spine is a common problem which will most often be diagnosed and managed locally without referral to a tertiary facility. Orthopedic…
Primary Spinal Tumors: Benign and Malignant Theresa Pazionis Ilya Laufer Patrick Boland Mark H. Bilsky Introduction Primary tumors of the spine are rare and make up only a small percentage…
Pyogenic Infections of the Spine Sang Do Kim Andrea M. Simmonds Zeeshan M. Sardar Introduction Pyogenic infections of the spine include septic discitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, septic facet arthritis, and epidural…
Atypical Infections Shaleen Vira Nancy Worley Cyrus Jalai Peter G. Passias Introduction The most common etiology of an infectious process in the spine is a pyogenic infection from Staphylococcus aureus….
