key words shoulder examination, stability testing, strength testing, test sensitivity, test specificity Introduction The shoulder girdle allows for a large degree of motion in multiple planes, with the glenohumeral…
Introduction Because of the multifactorial nature of the complaint of low back pain (LBP), patients presenting with LBP necessitate a detailed history and physical examination. Nonspecific or incorrect diagnoses can…
Key words pelvis, hip Introduction The hip joint is one of the more stable joints of the body. The stability stems from the intimacy of the head of the…
Key words Posterior Knee, Lachman Test, Pivot Shift Test, POSTERIOR CRUCIATE TESTING, Posterior Drawer Test, Quadriceps Active Test, Collateral Ligament Tests, Valgus and Varus Stress Tests, Patellofemoral Pain Examination, Patellofemoral…
Introduction The physical examination of the hand and wrist can be very rewarding because the majority of the anatomy is readily available to the examiner’s fingertips. One may palpate, stretch,…
Introduction This chapter provides a review of foot and ankle anatomy and examination followed by an evidence-based discussion of the major provocative tests employed to diagnose ankle and foot injuries….
Key words Sensory, Motor and Reflex Examination, neurologic examination Introduction The neurologic examination is an integral component of any musculoskeletal assessment. Determining the relative integrity of the neurologic system…
Key words Elbow examination, ulnar collateral ligament, elbow instability Introduction A thorough history should be ascertained before a physical examination is performed on a patient with an upper extremity…
Introduction The annual prevalence of neck pain is estimated to range between 30% and 50%, and nearly half of all individuals will experience neck pain in their lifetime. History and…
Key words Statistics, Sensitivity, Specificity, Reliability, Validity Introduction In 1880, John Venn, a priest and lecturer in Moral Science at Caius College, Cambridge University, England, introduced and popularized Venn…
