Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 3.1 Massive rotator cuff tear. (a) Sagittal oblique proton density-weighted MR image in an 83-year-old man demonstrates DeOrio and Cofield’s classification of a chronic massive cuff tear spanning a…

Fig. 8.1 Force couples about the glenohumeral joint. (a) The transverse plane force couple consists of the opposing moments created between the subscapularis (S) anteriorly and the combined moment of…

Fig. 10.1 Both mechanical factors (top ) and nutritional factors (bottom) contribute to joint destruction in rotator cuff tear arthropathy (Modified from Neer et al. [7]) Fig. 10.2 Clinical picture…

Refractory pain Significant dysfunction and disability Posterosuperior, massive rotator cuff tear or failed prior repair that is no longer amenable to repair or has a high likelihood of failure with…

Stage 0 Completely normal muscle, no fatty streaks Stage 1 Muscle contains some fatty streaks Stage 2 More muscle than fat infiltration Stage 3 Muscle equal to fat infiltration Stage…

Fig. 1.1 (a) Thin and disorganized collagen fibers in the torn tendon (large tear, 10× magnification). (b) Split collagen fibers replaced with myxoid degeneration (large tear, 20×). (c) Hyaline degeneration;…

Fig. 4.1 Rotator cuff tear progression on sequential MRI studies. (a, b) Select coronal T2-weighted images demonstrate a medium-sized supraspinatus tear retracted to the mid-humeral head and without extension into…

Fig. 11.1 Patient is a 75-year-old male with a 3-year history of shoulder pain without a defined traumatic event. He is able to elevate his arm above his head, but…

Fig. 2.1 The Jobe test, or “empty can test,” is useful to evaluate for tears that involve the supraspinatus. The test is performed with the patient’s shoulders flexed to 90°…

Cuff tear arthropathy in the elderly, low-demand patient desiring only pain relief and a low-risk operation (Fig. 9.1) Cuff tear arthropathy or massive rotator cuff tear with preoperative forward elevation…