Pathological Torsion of the Lower Limb
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Limb Factors It is the author’s opinion that patellofemoral (PF) symptoms should be considered as those that arise from the joint itself and are considered intrinsic factors…
Patellofemoral Anatomy and Its Surgical Implications
Medial Patellofemoral Anatomy Proximal Medial Patellar Complex As our understanding of medial patellofemoral anatomy continues to grow, the implications for surgical reconstruction have evolved. Whereas earlier reports focused on reconstruction…
Tibial Tuberosity Osteotomies
Introduction Normal patellar tracking is mediated statically by the bone structures, passively by the soft tissue stabilisers and actively by the musculature about the knee. Patellofemoral tracking relates to contact…
Treatment Algorithm in Patellofemoral Disorders: ‘Le Menu à la Carte’
Patellofemoral Instability The patellofemoral joint (PFJ) is a highly complex structure, intimately associated with the dynamic muscle activity, including the global and central control of the limb, which is linked…
Osteonecrosis of the Knee
Introduction The term osteonecrosis was first described by Ahlback et al. in 1968. The original description involved the spontaneous appearance of what was thought to represent focal osteonecrosis of the femoral…
How to Manage the Active Patient with Osteoarthritis:: Biological Approaches
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating condition that can lead to chronic pain, disability, decreased quality of life and inability to perform activities of daily living. Authors have reported that…
OCD Injuries in the Paediatric and Adult Population
Introduction Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a focal, pathological lesion involving subchondral bone and the attached overlying articular cartilage. Importantly, the focal lesion is at subsequent risk for the development of…
Focal Chondral Injuries
Introduction Focal chondral defects ( FCDs ) constitute a common finding, with a reported incidence of 4.2% and 6.2% in the general population in patients younger than 40, resulting in…
A Basic Science Understanding of Cartilage Repair and Its Clinical Application
The Osteochondral Unit and Biology of Cartilage Repair The function of diarthrodial joints relies on the health and integrity of the osteochondral unit, which encompasses the composite tissue of articular…
Synthetic Meniscal Substitutes
Introduction In search of the ideal meniscal substitute, natural and synthetic materials for meniscal replacement have been reported with variable outcomes. Although meniscus allograft transplantation is the only clinically available…
