Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 4.1 Clinical scapular examination algorithm (Modified from Cools et al. 2014, Br J Sports Med) Visual Observation The scapula must be directly visualized during the examination. One common mistake…

Fig. 6.1 (a) The empty-can position for testing. (b) The scapular retraction position for testing. The arm is in the empty-can position. The scapula is lightly held in retraction by…

Fig. 8.1 Right clavicle fracture yielding scapula repositioning It appears that union of the bone ends is not the sole or even major factor in optimal outcomes of clavicle fractures….

Fig. 16.1 Scapular rehabilitation algorithm [9] Treatment of Flexibility Deficits The relationship between scapular position and glenohumeral joint range of motion has been studied with significant ramifications for clinicians who…

Scapulothoracic muscles  Levator scapulae  Omohyoid  Pectoralis minor  Rhomboideus major  Rhomboideus minor  Serratus anterior  Trapezius Scapulohumeral muscles  Rotator cuff   Infraspinatus   Subscapularis   Supraspinatus   Teres minor  Other   Biceps long head   Biceps short head…

Fig. 14.1 Schematic demonstrating scapula anatomy in the axial plane. Two major bursae, the supraserratus and infraserratus bursae, the source of pathology in the majority of cases in the scapulothoracic…

Fig. 3.1 (a) Muscles responsible for producing scapular elevation. Dashed red line = upper trapezius; solid purple lines = levator scapulae; solid white lines = rhomboids. (b) Muscles responsible for…

Fig. 9.1 (a) High-grade acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligament injury with avulsion of the acromioclavicular ligaments from the clavicle and midsubstance injury of the coracoclavicular ligaments. (b) An incision (dotted line)…

Fig. 11.1 Illustration of the scapular muscle detachment injury to both the rhomboid major and lower trapezius muscles Fig. 11.2 (a) Mobilization of the infraspinatus away from the medial border…

Fig. 10.1 CT arthrogram demonstrating eccentric posterior glenoid erosion with biconcavity consistent with Walch B2 Scapular dyskinesis is associated with abnormal scapular protraction [10]. Scapular protraction causes a decrease in…