Musculoskeletal Key

History of the Meniscus One of the earliest descriptions of the menisci was recorded by Bland-Sutton in 1897. At that time, the menisci were thought to be vestigial tissue and…

Full range of motion (ROM) in the knee joint is critical for optimal function. A slight loss of knee motion can cause limited function and pain, and a more severe…

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is an extremely common cause of disability. The etiology is multifactorial, but joint injury is an prevalent cause of OA in the knee. Studies have shown that…

The treatment of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries is a controversial topic in orthopaedic surgery. In contrast to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, for which an abundance of basic science…

Knee ligaments are responsible for providing the static stability of the knee, control of kinematics, and prevention of abnormal rotation and/or displacement that may damage the articular surfaces or the…

History The surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries began in the early 1900s with attempted primary repair. Patients treated with primary repair had poor results, including recurrent instability,…

Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative joint disease caused by primary or secondary factors ( Table 90-1 ). Whereas primary osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by an interplay of genetic…

Cartilage repair remains one of the fastest evolving areas within the field of orthopaedic surgery. Indications continue to be refined and new techniques emerge yearly, with more than 10 new…

Virtually all orthopaedic surgeons encounter athletes with hand or wrist injuries during their careers. Although not every team physician needs to be a “hand surgeon,” the frequency of these injuries…

A multitude of structural hip disorders can occur in athletes with hip pain. Although the history and physical examination play a critical role in determining the diagnosis, it is also…