Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 23.1 Increase in calcaneal inclination (X-ray) angle Fig. 23.2 Increase in calcaneal inclination angle (clinical) Fig. 23.3 Calcaneal varus (X-ray) Fig. 23.4 Bilateral calcaneal varus (clinical) Fig. 23.5 Metatarsus…

Fig. 28.1 Ankle fracture malunions often lead to posttraumatic arthritis as shown in this radiograph with medial malleolar malreduction allowing lateral subluxation of the talus Injury of the distal tibiofibular…

Clinical findings Radiographic findings Hypermobility first ray (benign hypermobile joint syndrome) Increased obliquity of the first metatarsal cuneiform joint Diffuse callus sub-second Intercuneiform split Metatarsalgia Thickening of cortex second metatarsal…

Fig. 12.1 (a) Case courtesy of Margo Jimenez preoperative X-ray of HAV deformity. (b) Five days post-op with good reduction of the intermetatarsal angle, the metatarsal head well aligned on top…

Fig. 13.1 (a, b) Radiographs of multi-planar nonunion Fig. 13.2 (a, b) Clinical example of a dorsiflexed malunion . (c) Lateral radiograph of a dorsiflexed malunion A plantar flexed arthrodesis…

(1) The Orthopaedic Clinic, Auburn, AL, USA   KeywordsCalcaneusFractureFixationArthritisArthrodesisWoundInfectionMalunionNeuritisTendonitisOperativeNonoperative Introduction Treatment of calcaneal fractures has evolved over the last 25 years from primarily nonoperative care to a more aggressive approach involving…

Fig. 24.1 While the extent of the diseased bone may not be clear in a plain X-ray, it may be clear in an MRI Aggressive resection of the necrotic bone…

Indications for external fixation Conditions treated with external fixation Nonunion/Malunion Joint distraction Callus distraction/lengthening of bone Off-loading of wound/flap Osteotomy Arthrodesis Infection/Osteomyelitis Soft tissue/skin contracture Fracture Extensive scarring/contracture/burns Previous infection…

Local factors Host factors Infection Tobacco use Insufficient fixation Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency Poor reduction/gapping Thyroid dysfunction Malalignment Parathyroid dysfunction Poor site preparation/debridement Diabetes mellitus Thermal necrosis Premature weight bearing Soft…

Fig. 4.1 A 34-year-old male presented to the clinic with chronic ankle pain from numerous inversion ankle injuries. Radiographs revealed a large osseous fragment (figure) over the anterior medial aspect…