Back Pain in Spinal Infections
10Back Pain in Spinal Infections Rishi Mugesh Kanna, Ajoy Prasad Shetty, Emiliano Vialle, and Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran ■ Introduction: Pyogenic Spondylodiskitis The spine is a common site of infection in pyogenic…
Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in Back Pain for Degenerative Spine
13Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in Back Pain for Degenerative Spine Roberto Bassani and Elena Serchi ■ Introduction The goals of surgery for degenerative diseases are to reduce the pain…
Back Pain in Adults
9Back Pain in Adults Max Aebi ■ Introduction The aging of the population in industrialized countries appears to be a nonreversible phenomenon. Increasing life expectancy, due in a great part…
The Supremacy of the Clinical Evaluation
3The Supremacy of the Clinical Evaluation Roberto Chapa Sosa and Neil N. Patel ■ Introduction A comprehensive clinical history and physical examination is imperative to enable physicians to thoroughly and…
Patients with Multiple Surgeries
15Patients with Multiple Surgeries Claudio Lamartina and Carlotta Martini ■ Introduction A growing issue among spine surgeons is the management of the increasing number of symptomatic spine patients who have…
Back Pain and Sagittal Alignment
14Back Pain and Sagittal Alignment Pedro Berjano ■ Introduction Every degenerative case is a deformity case too. In the past, degenerative conditions in the lumbosacral spine were attributed to nerve…
Imaging in Back Pain
4Imaging in Back Pain Alberto Zerbi ■ Introduction Aging, trauma, infections, tumors, and degenerative diseases can all cause low back pain (LBP). Hip arthritis, sacroiliac joint pathologies, and visceral pathologies…
Neurologic Back Pain: Myopathies, Neuromuscular Disease, Parkinson, and Dystonia
7Neurologic Back Pain: Myopathies, Neuromuscular Disease, Parkinson, and Dystonia Asdrubal Falavigna and Carlo Domênico Marrone ■ Introduction The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)1 defines pain as a…
Biology, Mechanics, and Genetics of the Disk: State of the Art
6Biology, Mechanics, and Genetics of the Disk: State of the Art Mauro Alini, Sibylle Grad, Hans-Joachim Wilke, Fabio Galbusera, and Alessandra Colombini ■ Introduction The human spine has a challenging…
Back Pain in Children and Adolescents
8Back Pain in Children and Adolescents Katherine M. Schroeder, Erica E. Gonzalez, and John P. Dormans ■ Introduction Historically, back pain in children and adolescents was considered rare and often…
