Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 12.1 Anterior (L) and posterior (R) views of bone in the shoulder joint The scapula is located on the posterolateral thoracic wall behind the second through seventh ribs, forming…

Variable Normalizing factor Force Two-thirds root of the ratio of mass of PMHS to reference mass Deflection Cube root of the ratio of mass of PMHS to reference mass Acceleration…

Fig. 8.1 High resolution CT image of a diploic human skull showing inner table, outer table and diploe 8.2 Anatomy From a biomechanical perspective, the human skull bone lies inferior…

  3 year 6 year 10 year Small female Midsize male Large male Head Accel. (Ax, Ay, Az) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Neck Head/C1 (Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx,…

Fig. 1.1 Brain motion due to a blunt impact (Taken from Hardy et al. [5]) Fig. 1.2 Thoracic response to frontal impact. The two solid curves are for responses by…

Fig. 20.1 The figure illustrates potential mediators of peripheral sensitization after inflammation. Tissue injury and inflammation lead to the release of various chemicals from non-neuronal cells, including mast cells, macrophages,…

(7.1) where vj(xyz) are the three dimensional coordinates of the nodes in the finite element mesh, v jd is the corresponding bone density at that node, j = 1,…, number of nodes…

Fig. 5.1 Impact test data from Kent et al. [5] illustrating the effect of a pretensioner and load limiter. The total forward motion of the occupant relative to the vehicle…

(21.1) (21.2) Three other factors affect the force a muscle functionally produces. First, the interdigitated structure of sarcomeres means that there is a varying degree of overlap between the actin…

Fig. 15.1 Human vertebral column showing the line of gravity (Adapted from Ref. [1]) 15.1.2 Vertebrae The vertebra consists of the load bearing anterior body and the posterior arch (Fig….