Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 18.1 Anatomy of the lower extremities The three-dimensional motion of the hindfoot joints (Fig. 18.2) is clinically described as consisting of three anatomical planes of motion. Flexion occurs in…

Body region % AIS2–6 injuries Head 31.4 % Face  4.2 % Neck  1.4 % Chest 10.3 % Abdomen  5.4 % Pelvis  6.3 % Arms  8.2 % Legs 32.6 % The…

Fig. 22.1 Superior aspect of the adult (left) and newborn (right) skull. Various bones and sutures are indicated (Adapted from Williams [1]) Unlike the mature adult human cranial bone, which…

For ISS calculation only the highest value within each region can be used. For example, in a patient with two thoracic injuries assigned a 3 and 4, an extremity injury…

Fig. 17.1 Definitions of the knee, thigh, and hip (Adapted from Rupp et al. (2003). Effects of Hip Posture on the Frontal Impact Tolerance of the Human Hip Joint. Stapp…

Fig. 13.1 (a) and (b) Illustration of the skeletal anatomy of the thorax. (a) Anterior (front) view. (b) Posterior (back) view (Reproduced with permission from Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th…

where: P, PTest = predicted and experimental values respectively of peak load, M, MTest = predicted and experimental values respectively of mean load, and E, ETest = predicted and experimental values respectively of energy absorption. When…

Fig. 11.1 The number of moderate and severe neck injuries in motor vehicle crashes is at historical lows 11.2 Anatomy The complete spine is a structure composed of 7 cervical,…

Fig. 14.1 Regions and quadrants of the human abdomen The upper abdomen is afforded protection from blunt trauma by the lower rib cage. An additional level of protection is provided…

Fig. 23.1 Lower anchor bars embedded in vehicle seat Fig. 23.2 Tether anchor hardware For US child restraints, most products attach to the lower anchors using a length of webbing…