Fig. 4.1 Sagittal CT image (right) depicting small cystic changes in the tibial plafond (arrows). The defect is more clearly seen but overestimated on the fat-suppressed T2-weighted sagittal MR image…

Fig. 2.1 (a) Arthroscopic view of distal tibiofibular joint in a left ankle with medial mortise widening on preoperative radiographs. (b) Widening of the syndesmosis is demonstrated when external rotation…

Osteotomy technique Exposure/visualization Advantages Disadvantages Transverse Inadequate Simple procedure Talar dome covered by tibial plafond Inverted U Inadequate Simple procedure Contraindicated for large OCLs, limited range of motion, and narrow…

Fig. 16.1 Phase I rehabilitation exercises. Physical therapy during phase I focuses on proprioception, motion, and prevention of muscle atrophy. (a) Pool therapy – low-impact activities like swimming or aqua-therapy….

Fig. 12.1 Anterior-posterior x-ray of left ankle following autologous osteochondral transplantation. Healing of the medial malleolar osteotomy required for operative access can be seen. The osteochondral graft has incorporated well…

Fig. 17.1 The osteochondral defect (arrow) is exposed through an oblique medial malleolar osteotomy. A K-wire can be inserted into the talus through one of the predrilled holes to hold…

Fig. 14.1 Phase I: extension and flexion exercises against resistance 14.6.2 Phase II: 3–4 Weeks After these 2 weeks, partial (eggshell) weight-bearing on crutches is allowed, as tolerated. Progression to…

Fig. 1.1 (a–b) Osteochondral fracture diagnosed one year after trauma by radiograms and CT scan. (a) Coronal view; anteroposterior X-ray; 3D reconstruction. (b) Transversal and sagittal view If an OCL…

Fig. 7.1 Posterolateral OLT exposure with ATFL release, talar plantar flexion, and inversion to allow perpendicular access for osteochondral transfer The posterolateral approach has been described between the peroneal and…